When medical professionals make mistakes, the consequences can be life-altering. Each year, thousands of complaints and malpractice reports are filed across the United States, reflecting both the complexity of modern healthcare and the serious risks patients face when standards of care are not met.

Recent data from federal reporting systems and peer-reviewed studies show that while certain specialties are more likely to be named in complaints, the bigger story is where preventable harm most often occurs — in missed or delayed diagnoses for conditions like stroke, sepsis, and cancer. Understanding these patterns is essential for families who have experienced a medical error and are weighing their legal options.

Understanding the Data Behind Complaints

The U.S. government maintains the National Practitioner Data Bank (NPDB), a federal repository that tracks two big buckets of information:

• Adverse Action Reports (AARs): disciplinary actions by licensing boards, hospitals/health systems, professional societies, and government programs.
• Medical Malpractice Payment Reports (MMPRs): payments made for claims or lawsuits alleging negligent care.

Both types of reports provided by NPDB’s Data Analysis Tool, which lets anyone explore data by profession and state, are valuable in assessing patient safety, but they represent very different outcomes. A disciplinary action may signal professional misconduct or substandard care, while a malpractice payment reflects a case in which a patient was harmed and compensation was warranted. Keeping these categories separate is key to making sense of the data and avoiding misleading conclusions.

Why Some Professions Show Up More Often

Large frontline groups — particularly registered nurses and physicians — appear more often in complaint totals. This reflects workforce size and level of patient contact, not necessarily higher negligence rates. The more frequently a profession interacts with patients in acute situations, the more visible it becomes in national reporting.

By contrast, specialties such as optometry or psychology tend to generate fewer complaints, largely because they perform lower-risk procedures and see smaller patient volumes.

These variations underscore the importance of context when comparing professions. In fact, NPDB’s own guidance encourages users to account for practitioner mix and workforce size when comparing professions or states.

The Real Risk: Diagnostic Errors

From a patient-safety standpoint, the most consequential pattern isn’t which profession racks up the most reports. It’s the conditions and scenarios where preventable harm happens most.

A major peer-reviewed study led by Johns Hopkins researchers and published in BMJ Quality & Safety estimates that:

• About 795,000 Americans each year die or sustain permanent disability due to diagnostic errors.
• Five conditions – stroke, sepsis, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism (venous thromboembolism), and lung cancer – account for nearly 40% of those serious harms.

These illnesses are particularly dangerous because their early symptoms often mimic more benign conditions. Misdiagnosing a stroke as a migraine, or mistaking sepsis for the flu, can cost patients precious time and lead to irreversible harm.

Cutting diagnostic errors in just those five could prevent an estimated 150,000 serious harms annually.

State-Level Comparisons Require Caution

It’s tempting to rank states by “complaints,” but apples-to-apples comparisons require context: population size, the number and mix of licensed practitioners, reporting rules, and how aggressively state boards discipline. Independent watchdogs who study board activity caution that discipline rates vary widely by state, and rates of serious actions per 1,000 physicians are a better indicator than raw totals.

Even then, differences in reporting practices, enforcement, and legal infrastructure also influence these figures

If you compare states using NPDB, normalize for workforce size and understand what category you’re comparing (AARs vs. MMPRs). The NPDB tool is designed for exactly that kind of careful analysis.

System Pressures that Show Up in the Numbers

Another theme behind complaints and errors: system strain.

National physician surveys show elevated but improving burnout since the pandemic’s peak. Nearly 45% of physicians reported at least one symptom of burnout in 2023–2024. Burnout is associated with safety lapses, turnover, and access issues.

While it never excuses negligence, it helps explain why acute-care environments remain especially high-risk for missed or delayed diagnoses.

What This Means for Patients and Families

• Serious harm clusters around a handful of conditions. Stroke, sepsis, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism, and lung cancer drive a large share of catastrophic outcomes when missed or delayed. If you suspect one of these, time-sensitive escalation is critical.
• Report tallies reflect exposure and enforcement, not just “bad actors.” Larger frontline professions and high-acuity settings naturally see more actions and claims. Use normalized, well-defined measures when comparing regions or specialties.
• Discipline and malpractice are different lenses. An adverse action (discipline) is not the same as a malpractice payment—and the thresholds, processes, and implications differ.

Brown & Barron, LLC: Turning Data Into Advocacy

At Brown & Barron, LLC, we focus on more than statistics. We investigate what happened in each client’s case by reconstructing timelines, analyzing whether the standard of care was followed, and consulting with respected medical experts. This disciplined approach allows us to identify negligence in cases of birth injury, delayed diagnosis, nursing home abuse, and other preventable medical errors.

Since 2017, our team has leveraged decades of collective experience to recover more than $90 million in compensation for clients, including millions of dollars for victims of medical negligence. Families choose us not only for our record of results but also for our reputation for being accessible, responsive, and compassionate throughout the process.

If you believe a medical error – including a delayed diagnosis, misdiagnosis, or failure to diagnose – harmed you or someone you love, Brown & Barron, LLC is here to help. We have the experience, resources, and commitment to pursue justice on your behalf.

Call (410) 698-1717 or contact us online for a free consultation.